Original Research

The influence of screen time on children’s language development: A scoping review

Nazeera F. Karani, Jenna Sher, Munyane Mophosho
South African Journal of Communication Disorders | Vol 69, No 1 | a825 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajcd.v69i1.825 | © 2022 Nazeera F. Karani, Jenna Sher, Munyane Mophosho | This work is licensed under CC Attribution 4.0
Submitted: 15 February 2021 | Published: 09 February 2022

About the author(s)

Nazeera F. Karani, Department of Speech Pathology, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Jenna Sher, Department of Speech Pathology, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Munyane Mophosho, Department of Speech Pathology, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Abstract

Background: An exponential increase in screen time amongst children and adults, has given rise to a plethora of studies exploring the influences that this exposure may have on children’s development.

Objectives: This review is specifically concerned with understanding the influence of screen time on children’s language development.

Method: A scoping review was conducted to explore the available literature relating to the impact of screen time on children’s language development. The scoping review was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) framework and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) framework. The data were analysed using thematic content analysis.

Results: This review identified 12 articles. It made an argument for the multifactorial relationship between screen time and language development, given the associated positive and negative effects. The results revealed core themes such as the influence of screen time being dependent on various factors and the diverse effects of screen time on children’s language development, with the inclusion of parents’ monitoring of and participation in viewing, playing a vital role in language development.

Conclusion: The review indicated that an increase in the amount of screen time and an early age of onset of viewing have negative effects on language development, with older age of onset of viewing showing some benefits. Video characteristics, content and co-viewing also influences language development. This study demonstrates that the negative influences of screen time appear to outweigh the positive influences.


Keywords

language development; screen time; children; positive effects, negative effects

Metrics

Total abstract views: 33583
Total article views: 25365

 

Crossref Citations

1. Heritage language revival: digital media’s role in grandparent-grandchild interactions
Piotr Romanowski
Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching  first page: 1  year: 2026  
doi: 10.1080/17501229.2026.2614753

2. Relationship Between Screen Usage and Speech Delay in Children Aged One to Four Years in Dubai and the Northern Emirates
Fatima A Alsaadi, Fathima Muzeera, Fathima Shabrina, Namra F Jafri, Raabeah F Jafri, Fatima AlOlama, Samia Farghaly
Cureus  year: 2024  
doi: 10.7759/cureus.73488

3. The impact of screen-based media exposure on infant and toddler development: A systematic review of psychological and behavioral domains
Cheng Yiyun
Acta Psychologica  vol: 266  first page: 106438  year: 2026  
doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106438

4. How Screen Time and Social Media Hyperconnection Have Harmed Adolescents’ Relational and Psychological Well-Being since the COVID-19 Pandemic
Antonio Tintori, Giulia Ciancimino, Loredana Cerbara
Social Sciences  vol: 13  issue: 9  first page: 470  year: 2024  
doi: 10.3390/socsci13090470

5. Speech and Language Delay in Early Childhood: Insights from A Clinical Study in Islamabad, Pakistan
Kainat Ali, Abeer Vaqar, Rida Vaqar, Muhammad Zubair, Moiz Khan
Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences  first page: 96  year: 2026  
doi: 10.54393/pjhs.v7i1.3444

6. Screen on = development off? A systematic scoping review and a developmental psychology perspective on the effects of screen time on early childhood development
Fabio Sticca, Valérie Brauchli, Patricia Lannen
Frontiers in Developmental Psychology  vol: 2  year: 2025  
doi: 10.3389/fdpys.2024.1439040

7. Correlation of screen exposure to stress, learning, cognitive and language performance in children
Andrea Hahnefeld, Monika Fink, Saskia Le Beherec, Marie Anna Baur, Katharina Bernhardt, Volker Mall
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry  vol: 34  issue: 5  first page: 1615  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1007/s00787-024-02593-6

8. A Systematic Review of the Impact of Media and Digital Technology on Child Development
Michael Mbiriri
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Research  vol: 1  issue: 1  first page: 634  year: 2025  
doi: 10.71064/spu.amjr.1.1.2025.375

9. Annual Research Review: How did COVID‐19 affect young children's language environment and language development? A scoping review
Cecilia Zuniga‐Montanez, Catherine Davies, Laurie Ligoxygakis, Draško Kašćelan, Nayeli Gonzalez‐Gomez
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry  vol: 66  issue: 4  first page: 569  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1111/jcpp.14102

10. Effects of Excessive Screen Time on Child Development: An Updated Review and Strategies for Management
Sudheer Kumar Muppalla, Sravya Vuppalapati, Apeksha Reddy Pulliahgaru, Himabindu Sreenivasulu
Cureus  year: 2023  
doi: 10.7759/cureus.40608

11. Language development in Slovenian toddlers: the role of electronic media, parental knowledge of language development, and parental input
Urška Fekonja, Ljubica Marjanovič-Umek, Nika Pogorelc-Jesih, Naja Ferjan Ramírez
Frontiers in Developmental Psychology  vol: 2  year: 2024  
doi: 10.3389/fdpys.2024.1463991

12. Executive Functioning as a Mediator Between Digital Media Exposure and Communication Outcomes in Children and Adolescents
Csongor Toth, Brigitte Osser, Laura Ioana Bondar, Gyongyi Osser, Roland Fazakas, Nicoleta Anamaria Pascalau, Ramona Nicoleta Suciu, Liliana-Oana Pobirci, Corina Dalia Toderescu, Bombonica Gabriela Dogaru
Journal of Intelligence  vol: 14  issue: 4  first page: 67  year: 2026  
doi: 10.3390/jintelligence14040067

13. Relationship Between Speech Delay and Smart Media in Children: A Systematic Review
Manal M Alamri, Muath A Alrehaili, Wejdan Albariqi, Manal S Alshehri , Kholood B Alotaibi, Afnan M Algethami
Cureus  year: 2023  
doi: 10.7759/cureus.45396

14. Questionnaires Used to Explore the Perspectives of Parents and Health Professionals on Young Children’s Use of Technology: Systematic Review
Charlotte Lund Rasmussen, Ivan Pui Hung Au, Danica Hendry, Amber Beynon, Sarah Stearne, George Thomas, Kate Mannell, Lisa Kervin, Susan Edwards, Courtenay Harris, Leon Straker, Juliana Zabatiero
JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting  vol: 9  first page: e84712  year: 2026  
doi: 10.2196/84712

15. The impact of passive screen time on early childhood speech and xml:language development: parental perspectives and behavioral correlates
Aqsa Inayat, Shumaila Malik, Areej Zaman, Hafiz Muhammad Hassan Zaman, Muhammad Faizan
Journal of Basic & Clinical Medical Sciences  vol: 4  first page: 44  year: 2025  
doi: 10.58398/0002.000025

16. Developing a Theoretical Model of Digital Content Creation to Enhance Toddlers’ Speech Formation Based on Children’s Folklore Tales
Saule Shunkeyeva, Sandugash Abisheva, Ainur Seilkhanova, Zhanar Kaskatayeva, Meiramgul Zhetpisbayeva
Education Sciences  vol: 16  issue: 3  first page: 464  year: 2026  
doi: 10.3390/educsci16030464

17. Does increase in screen time have an effect on the pragmatic language development of preschoolers?
Krishna AR, Vrinda R, Suja K Kunnath
Child Language Teaching and Therapy  year: 2026  
doi: 10.1177/02656590261444684

18. Contributions of Screen Use on Early Language and Development Milestones in Argentinean Toddlers from Different Socioeconomic Contexts
Lucas G. Gago-Galvagno, Martina L. Perez, María Milagros Justo, Stephanie E. Miller, Ailín C. Simaes, Angel M. Elgier, Susana C. Azzollini
Trends in Psychology  vol: 33  issue: 2  first page: 594  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1007/s43076-023-00292-w

19. Screen Time Struggles: Unveiling Predictors of Problematic Digital Use and the Impact of Parental Mediation among Hong Kong Preschoolers
Zhaotianqin Zhang, Dandan Wu
Early Education and Development  vol: 36  issue: 6  first page: 1478  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1080/10409289.2025.2496378

20. Screens or books? Isotemporal substitution of different home activities on language and socio-emotional skills in preschool children
Shifeng Li, Lin Chai, Lihong Ma, Shuyue Gu, Tao Wang, Li Wang, Jianhua Zhou
Computers in Human Behavior  vol: 175  first page: 108847  year: 2026  
doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2025.108847

21. Interventions to Reduce Screen Time in Preschool‐Aged Children: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Meenushree Chandrasekaran, Qiyang Zhang, Padmapriya Natarajan, Aishworiya Ramkumar, Shang Chee Chong, Gayatri Kembhavi, Bryce McLeod, Keri McCrickerd, Jason Chow, Anna Fogel
Obesity Reviews  year: 2026  
doi: 10.1111/obr.70185

22. Analysis of the impact of parents' electronic screen time habits, young children's screen exposure and parent-child interaction on language development delay in young children
Xiaohong Wan, Xiaoqing Kang, Shunli Chen, Juan Du, Fang Yan, Yongqi Bai
Frontiers in Pediatrics  vol: 13  year: 2025  
doi: 10.3389/fped.2025.1667048

23. Exposure to Spoken Communication During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Children With Cochlear Implants
Emily Wener, Lindsay Booth, Hailey Bensky, Veeral Desai, Jaina Negandhi, Sharon L. Cushing, Blake C. Papsin, Karen A. Gordon
JAMA Network Open  vol: 6  issue: 10  first page: e2339042  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.39042

24. Does Screen Time Do More Damage in Boys Than Girls?
Konstantine Chakhunashvili, Eka Kvirkvelia, Davit G Chakhunashvili
Cureus  year: 2024  
doi: 10.7759/cureus.72054

25. High screen time and low child-adult talk associated with poorer language development in early childhood
Jaan Tulviste, Tiia Tulviste, Anni Tamm
Frontiers in Developmental Psychology  vol: 4  year: 2026  
doi: 10.3389/fdpys.2026.1787710

26. EARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN TIMES OF SOCIAL INSTABILITY: LEARNING AUTONOMY
Tetiana Khraban
Continuing Professional Education Theory and Practice  vol: 2  issue: 87  first page: 60  year: 2026  
doi: 10.28925/2412-0774.2026.2.5

27. IMPACT OF SCREEN TIME AND MEDIA USE ON NEURODEVELOPMENT, EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES, AND MENTAL HEALTH IN CHILDREN
Aleksandra Oparcik, Anna Baranowska, Marta Cieślak, Laura Kurczoba, Anastazja Orłowa, Anita Pakuła, Klaudia Martyna Patrzykąt, Julia Pawłowska, Kinga Szyszka, Kamil Turlej
International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science  vol: 3  issue: 4(48)  year: 2025  
doi: 10.31435/ijitss.4(48).2025.4467

28. Stop and Play Digital Health Education Intervention for Reducing Excessive Screen Time Among Preschoolers From Low Socioeconomic Families: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Diana Raj, Norliza Ahmad, Nor Afiah Mohd Zulkefli, Poh Ying Lim
Journal of Medical Internet Research  vol: 25  first page: e40955  year: 2023  
doi: 10.2196/40955

29. Sanal Otizm: Erken Çocuklukta Aşırı Ekran Maruziyetinin Gelişimsel Bir Riski
Mehmet Başaran
Mevzu – Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi  first page: 157  year: 2025  
doi: 10.56720/mevzu.1738377

30. İlkokul Öğrencilerinin Ekran Karşısında Geçirdikleri Sürenin Dil ve Konuşma Güçlüğü Yaşamasına Etkisi: Nitel Bir Çalışma
Mümin Eren Atakol, İbrahim Coşkun
Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi  vol: 26  issue: 1  first page: 107  year: 2026  
doi: 10.53629/sakaefd.1827851

31. Blending family culture with screen culture: how young children navigate a post-pandemic world through screens?
Sofia Theodosiadou, Flora Koliouli
Journal of Family Studies  first page: 1  year: 2026  
doi: 10.1080/13229400.2026.2634384

32. Digital Media Use and Screen Time Exposure Among Youths: A Lifestyle-Based Public Health Concern
Muhammad I Khanani, Muhammad R Khan, Mohammed F Farooqi, Jawad Fazal, Zainul Aabideen, Najla S Alkuwaiti
Cureus  year: 2025  
doi: 10.7759/cureus.88373

33. Erken Çocuklukta Ekran Maruziyetinin Dil Gelişimine Etkisi Üzerine Bir Derleme
Pınar Eren Tutar, Fikriye Eda Karacul
Batı Anadolu Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi  vol: 15  issue: 3  first page: 2427  year: 2024  
doi: 10.51460/baebd.1458759

34. Unveiling the impact of cartoon-based screen time exposure on the auditory and phonological processing abilities in young children
Varsha U, Kishan Madikeri Mohan, Sunila John, Vani Lakshmi R
Speech, Language and Hearing  vol: 28  issue: 1  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1080/2050571X.2025.2542041

35. Infant screen media and child development: A prospective community study
Ortal Slobodin, Orit E. Hetzroni, Moran Mandel, Sappir Saad Nuttman, Zainab Gawi Damashi, Eden Machluf, Michael Davidovitch
Infancy  vol: 29  issue: 2  first page: 155  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1111/infa.12575

36. Factors associated with prolonged screen exposure among children aged 6 to 59 months in Yaounde (Cameroon)
Ginette Claude Mireille Kalla, Jeannette Epee Ngoue, Marcelle Ehouzou Mandeng, Eveline Feuldi, Nelly Kamgaing Noubi
Pediatric Oncall  vol: 24  issue: 3  year: 2027  
doi: 10.7199/ped.oncall.2027.45

37. Effect of Screen Time on Language Development Among Toddlers and Preschool Children in Al Qatif, Saudi Arabia
Faisal O AlQurashi, Hussain Alshammasi, Saleh Alhashim, Zahra Alrebh, Abdulraheem Almubarak
Cureus  year: 2026  
doi: 10.7759/cureus.101696

38. Digital Intervention in Children With Developmental Language Disorder: Systematic Review
Zhaowen Zhou, Cheng Deng, Dongling Yin, Qiaoxue Yang, Zhuoming Chen
JMIR mHealth and uHealth  vol: 13  first page: e59992  year: 2025  
doi: 10.2196/59992

39. Unsupervised Screen Exposure and Poor Language Development: A Scoping Review to Assess Current Evidence and Suggest Priorities for Research
Georgios Korres, Melina Kourklidou, Giorgos Sideris, Despoina Bastaki , Aikaterini Demagkou, Maria Riga, Panagiotis Gogoulos, Thomas Nikolopoulos, Alexander Delides
Cureus  year: 2024  
doi: 10.7759/cureus.56483

40. The association of screen exposure, melatonin suppression and OPN4 gene polymorphism in children with speech delay: A review
Donna Hermawati, Agustini Utari, Tri Indah Winarni
Asia Pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology  first page: 15  year: 2025  
doi: 10.35118/apjmbb.2025.033.3.02

41. SCREEN ADDICTION AS A PREDICTOR OF AGGRESSIVE TENDENCIES IN CHILDREN AGED 60-72 MONTHS
Burcu Güley, Kübranur Varlıklıöz, Tuğçenur Doğan, Ayşegül Keskinkılıç, Oğuz Emre
İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi  vol: 14  issue: 2  first page: 351  year: 2026  
doi: 10.33715/inonusaglik.1803632

42. From screens to books: nudging toddlers’ caregivers toward healthier habits in low-SES families
Lucas G. Gago-Galvagno, M. del Pilar Castillo, Martina Boscolo, Valentina Ponzo, Lucas Touriño, Martín Fernández, Marcos A. Fernandez, Bautista Costa, Sofía Zysman, Rocío A. Hauché, Mery Hernández-Escalona, Angel M. Elgier
Educational and Developmental Psychologist  first page: 1  year: 2026  
doi: 10.1080/20590776.2026.2650348

43. Creative Videomaking in Diverse Primary Classrooms: Using Drama and Technology to Enhance Oral and Digital Literacy
Natasha Elizabeth Beaumont
Education Sciences  vol: 15  issue: 4  first page: 428  year: 2025  
doi: 10.3390/educsci15040428

44. The Relationship between screen time and expressive language (active vocabulary and narrative production skills) in preschoolers
E.S. Oshchepkova, A.N. Shatskaya, Y.E. Makarevskaya, A.A. Tvardovskaya
Psychological Science and Education  vol: 30  issue: 2  first page: 19  year: 2025  
doi: 10.17759/pse.2025300202

45. Impact of Smartphone and Device Usage in Children Between 18‐ and 60‐Months Old on the Development of Social Communication: Observational and Cross‐Sectional Approaches in Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Nicola Judith Flynn, Arunima Datta
Child: Care, Health and Development  vol: 51  issue: 5  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1111/cch.70157

46. Process evaluation of a Germany-wide complex intervention to prevent dysregulated screen time in under threes: a RE-AIM-approach
Juliane Schemmer, David Martin, Hanno Krafft, Tobias Maurer, Anke Emgenbroich, Sean Monks, Silke Schwarz
Frontiers in Pediatrics  vol: 13  year: 2025  
doi: 10.3389/fped.2025.1382428

47. Preschooler’s screen exposure in the relationship between parental involvement and language development in China
Xinyue Yang, Mohd Nazri Bin Abdul Rahman, Yansong Sun, Nur Eva
Cogent Education  vol: 12  issue: 1  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1080/2331186X.2025.2558396

48. Світові підходи до використання цифрових технологій в закладах дошкільної освіти: Дискусії і шляхи вирішення проблеми
Roman Zhovna, Inese Eglite
Preschool Education: Global Trends  vol: 8  first page: 67  year: 2025  
doi: 10.31470/2786-703X-2025-8-67-87

49. Towards human-centered AI in speech therapy: perspectives from a low-resource setting
Chinmoy Deka, Abhishek Shrivastava, Rishav Kumar
Universal Access in the Information Society  vol: 25  issue: 1  year: 2026  
doi: 10.1007/s10209-025-01288-2